Previdência Privada: O que é e Como Funciona?

A previdência privada é um sistema de aposentadoria complementar ao sistema público (INSS), oferecido por instituições financeiras. Ela funciona como uma forma de investimento de longo prazo, onde o indivíduo realiza contribuições periódicas para formar uma reserva financeira que será utilizada no futuro, geralmente na aposentadoria.

Como Funciona a Previdência Privada?

A previdência privada opera através de planos de acumulação e posterior recebimento de renda. O investidor faz aportes regulares, que são investidos em fundos de previdência. Ao final de um período determinado, o montante acumulado pode ser resgatado de uma só vez ou transformado em renda mensal.

Fases da Previdência Privada

1. Fase de Acumulação: Período em que o investidor realiza aportes regulares no plano de previdência.
2. Fase de Usufruto (ou Benefício): Momento em que o investidor começa a receber os recursos acumulados, seja em forma de pagamentos mensais ou resgate total.

Tipos de Previdência Privada

Existem dois tipos principais de planos de previdência privada:

• Planos Abertos: Disponíveis para qualquer pessoa em bancos, corretoras e seguradoras. São regulados pela Superintendência de Seguros Privados (SUSEP).
• Planos Fechados: Também conhecidos como fundos de pensão, são oferecidos por empresas ou entidades de classe exclusivamente para seus funcionários ou associados. São regulados pela Superintendência Nacional de Previdência Complementar (PREVIC).

Planos Abertos: PGBL e VGBL

Dentro dos planos abertos, existem duas modalidades principais:

• PGBL (Plano Gerador de Benefício Livre): Indicado para quem declara o Imposto de Renda pelo modelo completo. Permite deduzir as contribuições da base de cálculo do IR até o limite de 12% da renda bruta anual tributável. No momento do resgate, o IR incide sobre o valor total (contribuições + rendimentos).
• VGBL (Vida Gerador de Benefício Livre): Indicado para quem declara o Imposto de Renda pelo modelo simplificado ou é isento. Não permite a dedução das contribuições no IR. No momento do resgate, o IR incide apenas sobre os rendimentos.

Comparativo PGBL x VGBL

| Característica | PGBL | VGBL |
| :------------------------------------- | 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